Sunday, December 29, 2019
Civil Disobedience Extended Definition - 1405 Words
Michael D. Tiong ENGLCOM 11/12/12 11216964 C38-B Thesis Statement: Civil Disobedience, though often taken as a refusal to obey governmental instruction, was in fact an appropriate gesture of the people during the People Power Revolution because the people demonstrated democratic action when they felt that they were being oppressed. Outline: I. Overview of Civil Disobedience A. Brief History 1. Origins of the word B. Definition of Terms 1. Dictionary 2. Thesaurus 3. Application in everyday events II. The People Power Revolution A. Short summary of main events B. Relation to Civil Disobedience 1. Why was it an act of Civil Disobedience? 2. Why was there a†¦show more content†¦There was a need for the people to gather like this because Marcos’ famous implementation of Martial Law led to the deaths of several thousands of Filipinos. This regulation suspended several of the rights of the Filipinos and granted Marcos the free use of military power, which he did, against any who opposed him. The act of civil disobedience, which was basically exemplified through the People Power Revolution, also brings in with itself, some benefits and detriments. The benefit to this is that one may get the opportunity he/she is asking for through the resistance formed against the government like the People Power Revolution. The Filipinos here managed to non-violently get what they were longing for such a time, which was a fair and honest president that soon was elected and was named Cory Aquino. Now, in the downside of committing civil disobedience, one may find it by relating back to the revolution that took place in the Philippines. If perhaps Marcos pushed through with an all out attack against his people, regardless of what the foreign entities would have done about it, millions of Filipinos would have gotten hurt and died as a result. Even though civil disobedience is an act of nonviolence, it is still considered as resistance and the people know that Marcos wasn’t a fan of any sort ofShow MoreRelatedCivil Disobedience And The Civil War1047 Words  | 5 Pagesnational history was written, for the most part, as a result of civil disobedience. Breaking the laws that England imposed on the colonies was the first step in a revolution that established a new form of representative democracy. M ost of the great social changes that have come about over the 200+ years of our existence had its roots in the embracing of breaking a law of the land dutifully enacted by a legislative body. Civil disobedience is the deliberate disobeying of a law, or government directiveRead MoreMoral Responsibility1256 Words  | 6 Pagesclergymen composed a statement urging restraint in the Civil Rights movement and the discontinuance of demonstrations in Birmingham. The clergymen explained that progress could best be achieved through negotiation and through the court system and suggested that direct action would only make the situation worse. In response to this statement, Martin Luther King, Jr. composed his famous â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†to explain why he was active in civil rights demonstrations, primarily because of the failureRead MoreStep to Democratization in Egypt Essay1409 Words  | 6 Pagesdemocratic and peaceful country. Egypt was known as a totalitarian state. From Dickerson (2010), totalitarianism is a modern form of despotic rule in which the state undertakes to remake society according to an ideological design. Mubarak matched that definition and has ranked 20th on Parade Magazines 2009 Worlds Worst Dictators list. Even though Mubarak was said to be one of the Worlds Worst Dictators, he persisted in ruling the country in a totalitarian style. He attempted to remake society to produceRead More Defining a Hero Essay2179 Words  | 9 Pagesthree influential people went through different journeys in order to accomplish different things, they are all heroes in their own way and have been through the same cycle of the road of trials and crisis/salvation. The word â€Å"hero†has several definitions. In Greek mythology, a hero was originally a demigod. A hero can be the principle character in a play, movie, novel, or poem. A hero can even simply mean someone who is discerned by outstanding courage, dignity, or power. Even though there a manyRead MoreWhy Gay Marriage Is Constitutional Essay2449 Words  | 10 Pageshigher court that must be followed by a lower court within the justice system. It serves a purpose of a reference or authority for judges to interpret a new upcoming conflict in relation to law. The right to gay marriage is one of the fundamental civil rights that is implicitly written under the US Constitution, which demonstrate the assess to individual privacy and equal protection for all. Since the ancient time (except in Greece), homosexual intimacy has been seemed as a sin by various religionsRead MoreWhere Is My Tax Gonig?1825 Words  | 8 Pagescorporate income and dividends; this is often referred to as double taxation . The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) publishes an analysis of tax systems of member countries. As part of such analysis, OECD developed a definition and system of classification of internal taxes as: On Income - In this, the tax which imposed on net profits from business, net gains, and other income are fall, like income tax, negative income tax, corporate tax and capital gain tax. On PropertyRead MoreEth 1252632 Words  | 11 Pagesconditions? a. The minority group maintains its own culture. b. The minority group residents are dispersed. c. The homeland of the immigrants is far away and inaccessible. d. The minority group arrives over an extended period of time. 5. The development of solidarity among ethnic subgroups is called a. pluralism. b. panethnicity. c. fusion. d. marginality. 6. Ethnocentrism is a. the beliefRead MoreFilm Ideology - Milk2629 Words  | 11 PagesAssignment 2 – Film and Ideology The definition of the word ideology can be represented in many ways. Today’s basic understanding of the word can be defined as â€Å"the body of ideas reflecting the social needs and aspirations of an individual, group, class, or culture†(Farlex, 2009).Gus Van Sant’s exceptional biopic Milk (Gus Van Sant, 2008) depicts the story of Harvey Milk, the slain gay-rights activist who became the first openly gay man elected to any substantial political office in the historyRead MoreRadical Social Work and Social Action4276 Words  | 18 Pagesthat can works in present time. Definition of Social Work: The social work promotes social change, problem solving in human relationships and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance wellbeing. Utilizing theories of human behavior and social systems, social work intervenes at the points where people interact with environments. Principles of human rights and social justice are fundamental to social work. (Quoted by Harashima, 2005) As the above definition is not talking about complete socialRead MoreThe Impacts of Child Sexual Abuse3738 Words  | 15 Pagesyoung people having willing sex with a grown-up. Symptoms of Child Sexual Abuse Meanings of child sexual abuse differ with organizations and author. Every word denotes something different depending on readers. Research literature provides two definitions of child sexual abuse: any sexual misuse of a youngster under the age of sixteen for the sexual joy or benefit of a grown-up or much more senior individual and utilization of a child for the sexual delight of a grown-up. Some psychological writers
Saturday, December 21, 2019
Internet and Its Affect on Business - 2146 Words
Internet and it’s Affect on Business Capella University Technology has been able to provide advancements in quality of life across the world. One of the biggest forms of technology is the use of the internet in a variety of different business sectors. One of the fastest growing forms of Internet use revolves around online schooling. The result is not only because of the access of the Internet, but the vast amount of resources now available just a click away. Online schooling provides several advantages and disadvantages, but the new opportunities afforded due to the change are winning out. The growth of attending online school is becoming popular by both the students and the institutions because money talks; attending and producing†¦show more content†¦Instead of long standing professors being in high demand, the less experienced, lower-paid adjunct instructors are poised to lead the new generation of students. The online environment also minimizes the social aspect of school with both students and the teaching staff. Students wi ll have to rely on a self-teaching approach and independent study. Online school replacing standard schooling brings up some additional risks that were not as prevalent before. The chance of students cheating will be at an all time high. Much of the testing will be considered open book, but how can the instructor confirm who is taking the test? How can the instructor confirm who is managing the work? What if one student is doing the work of five? What if the parent(s) are helping more than they should? How can the students verify the instructor is knowledgeable? Most students attend school because they want to better themselves. However; some students will capitalize on an environment that opens up more risks that are impossible to manage in this new environment. The internet has provided so many more opportunities for people to earn a higher education. In addition to schooling, the web puts an infinite number of resources at the student’s fingertips from libraries all over the world. Resources that would not normally be available are now just another part of everyday work. Cost is no longerShow MoreRelatedCommunication Theory And Public Intellectual, Radio, And The Newspaper998 Words  | 4 Pagesbecause it sparked my interest in the media business, but it also allowed me to understand on how I connected with it on different forms throughout my day. Over 24 hours, I come in contact with three different ‘highways’ of information that distorts and influences my views in the world: the Internet, Radio, and the Newspaper. The form of media that I consume the most: the Web. In fact, assuming I am awake for 16 hours, I regularly check some form of the Internet, at the minimum, once every hour. WhetherRead MoreImpacts Of Technology E Commerce1471 Words  | 6 Pagesï » ¿Impact of Technology in Business – E-Commerce Since the introduction of the Internet in the 1950’s, development of technology began for use by the military until it was soon introduced to the public for commercial and private use. Throughout the decades ever since, technology was then on the road to sudden rapid expansion, with a big boom in new hardware, software and internet capabilities such as faster computer speeds, faster internet connections and efficient software. Convenient services appearedRead MoreExplain Different Types of Business Information, Their Sources and Purposes1711 Words  | 7 PagesExplain different types of business information, their sources and purposes Business information is one of the three main segments of the information industry. The primary forms of business information include:  · News  · Market research  · Credit and financial information  · Company and executive profiles  · Industry, country and economic analysis  · IT research  · Television Types of business information include Verbal information Verbal communication can either be done face-to-faceRead MoreEssentials of Management1694 Words  | 7 Pagespossible, how the Internet and globalization affect your daily life. The Internet and globalization effect everyday life tremendously. First and foremost without the internet, most organizations would be at a work stoppage. We rely on the internet in almost every facet of our lives. At my organization, we use the internet to keep up with the most recent policies and the newest updates to the Federal Acquisition Regulation. Myself, as well as others throughout the world use the internet from everythingRead MoreEffects of Technology925 Words  | 4 Pagesimpact in our lives like Richard Woods. Others like me believe that technology brings a lot of negative effects to our personal and social lives as Sarah Kershaw mentions. We now depend on technology, which affects us and causes us to get bad habits. Technology has caused addiction to the internet, depression, isolation, anxiety, loss of job, marital difficulties and it has also affected our social skills. Although technology has brought us a lot of negative effects we have adapted and see it as a r outineRead MoreThe World s Largest Computer Network And The Internet1093 Words  | 5 Pageschange in technology by the advancement in computer systems and the internet. The Internet is the world s largest computer network and has revolutionized electronic networking. The number of people using the Internet continues to double annually, with at least 50 percent of all Americans â€Å"online†in 2000 (Cliffnotes). It’s used for online dating, business, as an informational tool, and many more key attributes to daily living. The Internet has provided endless possibilities for electronic communicationRead MoreMobile Internet And Its Impact On Human Life1687 Words  | 7 Pagestechnologies have major affect on human life. Disruptive technology is the new technology that replaces the existing one. It’s designed to bring the success of similar technology. For instance, as the development of the Internet, most of people use it to send or receive email. Hence less and less people go to post office to send the letter. According to the McKinsey report, he has pointed out the 12 emerging technologies, which have a tremendous impact on people life, business as well as the globalRead MoreGlobalization And Its Impact On Business1234 Words  | 5 PagesGlobalization is the leading idea that has become the leading factor in business during the previous decades. This trend is affecting the economy, business life, society and the environment in a multitude of ways and nearly all businesses have been affected by these various changes. Some of these changes are related in part to the increasing competition and the rapidly changing technologies for information transfer. Challenging these changes will take some work on the part of companies; they needRead More Supply Chain Management Essay867 Words  | 4 Pagesefficient, and low-cost network of business relationships to get a company’s product from concept to market. In order to understand t he goal we must know that the supply chain is the process the raw materials of a product go through in order to be available to the consumer. The relationships that the business creates are needed in order to create the product, each process the product goes through creates value, the supply chain is often called the value chain. Internet technologies are increasinglyRead MoreIf Internet Is Considered As With Its Core Definition1432 Words  | 6 PagesIf internet is considered as with its core definition, then it’s just a technology that can transfer data from one computer to another. That’s it. But this vague definition is also the reason for its marvelous, uncontrollable diffusion, and evolution. Absolutely no boundaries were ever set with the internet. And since the memory in our computer kept on increasing exponentially, these small pieces of data, first transferred, 20 years ago, turned into pictures, sound, books, shows, movies. This enormous
Friday, December 13, 2019
How do feminists explain inequality between the sexes and how do they seek to remedy it Free Essays
Feminism is the only ideology that believes that gender is a form of discrimination, if not the strongest of social boundaries compared to race, status, and nationality. For this reason feminists focus on gender inequality and the specific roles that men and woman lead in every day life as a result of gender discrimination. Feminism can be traced back to 1405 in the book by Christine de Pisan’s â€Å"Book of the City of Ladies†. We will write a custom essay sample on How do feminists explain inequality between the sexes and how do they seek to remedy it? or any similar topic only for you Order Now This book contained the basic skeleton of thought that is present in modern day feminism, as it celebrates and highlights women and their contribution through out history, similar to cultural feminism. This clearly shows that from long ago there has always been a demand for equal rights between the sexes. In the last century many schools of feminist thought have emerged as a result of this question of equality and many different remedies have also come as result. Today feminism is an ideology that has a very broad horizon, which is only normal for an area as vast and amorphous as gender. Liberal feminism emerged in the 1850’s and was the school of thought that dominated first wave feminism. Liberal feminism is the belief that focussed on woman enjoying the same rights as men, and for this reason first wave feminism focussed on the public sphere of politics. Liberal feminists believed that the problem was in the political sphere of life, as woman at the time were literally not allowed in the public sphere of life. The British suffrage movement lead by mother and daughter Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst in the 1903 organised many forms of protest that were aimed at achieving the goal of the female vote. The feminists at the time thought that gaining the vote would be the most important right that women needed, and as a result the other gender divides in society would disappear. For this reason it is understandable to see why feminists at the time thought gaining the vote would solve inequality between the sexes as the external rights would affect everyday life, and internal affairs. Legislation was the only way that woman could gain the vote, and bring equality. Once the bill had been passed than it would be the responsibility of the ruling body to implement and protect that laws and this would mean woman having the same protected rights as men, or so they thought so. The methods that the suffragettes used to achieve this ranged from handing out leaflets, chaining themselves to property, and even to the use of hunger strikes. These methods no doubt gained media attention, but not necessarily positive media attention. However these forms of protests did increase awareness among other woman, and also inspired others to join the movement as well. The movement grew through out the 19th century, and had the clear focus of gaining the vote. Despite woman’s obvious contribution to society it was only until the start if the First World War when they could prove they were just as capable as men were. When the war was over and won in 1918, woman over the age of thirty were given the right to vote in 1920. This right to vote was given for many reasons, woman had proved that they could do the men’s jobs, and were just as capable. Also the government realised that as growing power in the world, the British workforce would be stronger if women were a part of the workforce as well. The voting franchise was further extended to woman aged 18 in 1928. The goal of first wave feminism had been achieved, woman had the vote and but this caused the movement lose the impetus. But it was clear that inequality still remained between the sexes, gaining the female vote had raised the political status of women slightly, but failed to achieve the original goal of bringing equality between the sexes. . The feminist movement did not stop here, but instead the opposite happened, feminists had to look at the bigger picture and not just rely on one piece of legislation to solve inequality. Where did inequality start? How is it maintained? But mostly, if gaining the vote didn’t end equality than what would? These questions were the main focus of second wave feminism, which emerged decades later in the 60’s. Second wave feminism aimed at achieving the goals that first wave feminism failed to achieve, and for this reason the movement this time was dominated by a more contemporary approach, radical feminism. In 1963 Betty Frieden wrote â€Å"The feminine mystique†, and the first chapter was called â€Å"The Problem With No Name†. This problem was what most women were going through at the time. Trying to live up to the perfect images of a housewife, but at the same time feeling empty and not knowing their true identity. The problem with no name took the idea of true liberation for woman. If woman were liberated in their personal lives, and then this in turn would liberate in the public sphere. Betty Frieden stressed on the message that women should not coup themselves up at home, and should broaden their horizons through striving for true liberation. Radical feminists like Kate Millett took this new perspective of focussing on woman’s everyday lives further, when the concept of patriarchy was discussed in her book â€Å"Sexual Politics†written in 1969. Patriarchy literally means rule by the father, but feminists use this term to describe men’s general dominance in society. Radical feminists believe that patriarchy is how men maintain the position over women in society. When looking at patriarchy radical feminists like to focus on everyday relationships between men and women. For example when a woman irons her husband’s clothes, this can show how men for their own benefit use women and also how woman are confined to the house. It also shows that patriarchy starts from the home, and is built in the family structure â€Å"rule by the father†. Women are socialised into believing that they are inferior to men, they are socialised to be weak, and as Simone de Beauvoir said â€Å"Woman are not born they are made†. Thus the only way to get rid of patriarchy is summarised in the statement â€Å"The personal is the political†, meaning woman should liberate themselves in their personal lives as well. Gaining the vote didn’t bring equality, because patriarchy starts from the family (the heart of society), patriarchy is maintained through socialisation, and patriarchy in turn shapes society. The radical feminist Shulasmith Firestone looks at how women are biologically weaker than men, and how this makes it possible for men to dominate women. She argues that woman have the ability to have babies, this links to menstruation, breast- feeding, and childbirth, which are all disadvantages as they limit what a woman can do in her life. These biological characteristics also take away large amounts of freedom from women. One of the reasons why woman are mostly in low paid, part time work, is because they have other commitments at home. Most of the high well-paid jobs, are dominated by men, this may be because of the gaps in employment that woman take when pregnant and so fail to get promoted. Her solution to this is to defy women’s nature with the aid of modern technology. Ideally women should have complete control over their ability to give birth and this will mean that children will be born outside the womb. However women taking control of their biology will only be the first step towards women being completely in control of every aspect if their lives. Radical feminism goes against Liberal feminism in one way, liberal feminists believe that the state and legislation is the solution to gaining equality. However radical feminists believe that the state is used as a tool that keeps women in an inferior position in society. Radical feminism also believes in the concept of sisterhood, and this is shown through how Shulasmith Firestone, stresses that the biological family is present in all societies. Showing that all women are suffering, and weak as a result of their biology. This is why radical feminists believe that woman should all be united in their struggle, against men, and towards true liberation. Sisterhood is important to radical feminists, as it strengthens the movement, and woman will be able to seek strength in each other rather than rely on men. The other schools of feminists thought that have come about after the 60’s is Marxist feminism, which focuses on how woman are abused by the capitalist system. Marxists feminists like Sue Sharpe states that women are used as a surplus labour force ready for to be used and disposed of easily. Also that women are drained of their energy and time, through maintaining the present workforce (their husbands), and also at the same time rearing the future workforce (their children). Marxist feminists stress on how woman are used and abused in both the home and the workplace, and men dominate both environments. Another school of feminist thought is ecofeminism, which looks at the link between nature and females. Ecofeminists like Van Plumwood believe that the world would be a better place if women were in charge. The reason for this is that woman innately are more caring than men, they have they ability to raise children and nurture human life. Ecofeminists also focus on the state of the world today, pollution, global warming, the dumping of toxic wastes, and other environmental issues. But some feminists argue that this form of feminism is reactionary, meaning that it takes woman backwards away from progress, as it is taking the female role back to biology. This is similar to pro-womnism that also focuses on the positive side about women’s role to reproduce. These two schools of thought would clash with radical feminist who believe that women are handicapped due to their nature. Black feminism is a school of feminist thought, which mixes race with gender. It is the argument that white woman dominates the feminist movement and political scene mainly. This may be true as it was the middle class women, that had the time and the money to involve themselves in politics, and they were usually white. New feminism can be viewed as the third wave of feminism but it hasn’t really come crashing like the other two previous waves. Maybe because the movement has passed its use but feminists would argue that the movement still has its aims. New feminism believes in breaking the link between the personal and the political hence â€Å"the personal is less political†. This has been done because many women are put off by the obtrusive nature of the slogan. The statement shows that new feminism is trying to make women more comfortable with being feminists. This is ideal for women who do not want the their public life to mix with their private life. New feminism also looks at issues like abortion, pornography, which are controversial and affect woman greatly. This shows that it is not the end of the line for feminism because women constantly face new problems in a modern growing society, and need organisations that will help them. The feminist movement has changed greatly through out the past century, and no doubt a great deal has been achieved. Feminism by having these different stages has shown the world that it is almost evolutionary, and will be around for a longer time. Organisations like NOW are one of the biggest in America, and lobby a vast range of issues concerning women. Women today are still benefiting from the work of the past feminists, in areas of education, work, and politics. Overall the feminist movement has been a success, a remedy for true equality and liberation may not of been found yet. But instead many have been put forward, which have caused women to think further and also think for the future of â€Å"personkind†as well. How to cite How do feminists explain inequality between the sexes and how do they seek to remedy it?, Papers
Thursday, December 5, 2019
What is Cloning Essay Example For Students
What is Cloning? Essay Have you ever wandered what it would be like to have a clone, or what it would be like have a twin? Well in a few years you might be able to clone yourself. Thats if they legalize it in the US I. What is cloning? Cloning is the scientific process of combining the DNA of one organism with the egg of another. Creating a perfect genetically matched lifeform. In other words getting an egg and fertilizing it. Then putting it back in the a surrogate mother. II. Who cloned Dolly? Scottish embryologist named Ian Wilmut cloned a Finn Dorset lamb named Dolly from fully different adult mother ells. A. Education Wilmut was born in Hampton Lucey, England, attended the University of Nottingham for his undergraduate work. In 1971 he received a Ph. D. in animal genetic engineering from Darwin College of University of Cambridge. In 1974, he joined the Animal Research Breeding Station in Scotland, which is now known as the Roslyn Institute, and has conducted research there ever since. B. Accomplishments In 1973, he created the first calf ever produced from a frozen embryo which he named Frosty. In 1995 he created Megan and Morag, two Welsh mountain sheep cloned from ifferentiated embryo cells. In July 5, 1996 he created a lamb called dolly, with the help of Keith Campbell III. How did they clone Dolly? In 1990, Wilmut hired cell cycle biologist Keith Campbell to assist in his cloning studies. Their work produced its first success with the birth of Megan and Morag, two Welsh mountain sheep cloned from different embryo cells. In their success, Wilmut and Campbell pioneered a new technique of starving embryo cells before transferring their nucleus to fertilized egg cells. The technique synchronized he cell cycles of both cells and their results led Wilmut and Campbell to believe that any type of cell could be used to produce a clone. On July 5, 1996, Wilmut and Campbell used the same process to produce the first clone from adult cells ,a Finn Dorset lamb named Dolly ,after Dolly Parton. The announcement left the scientific community shocked as well as the public, and kicked off a large-scale debate on the ethics and direction of cloning research. IV. What other animals did they clone? February 16, 1998 US Scientists cloned a Holstein cow Using DNA from the cell of a 30 day old fetus, scientists in the United States were able to clone a calf. They named the Holstein calf, Gene. July 5, 1998 a cow was cloned into two calves in Japan Using cells from an adult cow, Japanese scientists cloned the cow into two calves born Sunday, July 5, 1998. July 22, 1998 Mice are cloned. It was announced in the press that Dr. Yanagimachi from the University of Hawaii and colleagues had successfully cloned mice. August 19, 1998 Scientists announce that a near-extinct species has been cloned. David Wells, led the effort at the Ruakura Research Center in Hamilton, New Zealand to clone the last cow a species that once inhabited Enderby Island in the Aukland Islands. A dog named Missy, is to be cloned. The Press announced 8/25/98 that a wealthy couple donated $2. 3 million to Texas A M University to clone their dog. Dr. Mark Westhusin, co-director of the Reproductive Sciences Laboratory, is one of the scientists involved in the project. Lou Hawthorne, president of Bio Arts and Research Corporation, a San Francisco corporation, helped negotiate the deal. The donors wish to remain anonymous. V. How can cloning help us? Cloning can help in many ways. It can help us cure many diseases like infertility, Downs syndrome. It can help us get rid world hunger. With cloning technology, instead of using materials foreign to the body such as silicon, doctors will be able to manufacture bone, fat, connective tissue, or cartilage that matches the patients tissues exactly. It can make foods healthier for us. VI. Why is cloning bad? If a large percentage of an nations cattle are identical clones, a virus, such as mad cow disease, could effect the entire population. .uadb926f3a7620a1a26831a30618524e1 , .uadb926f3a7620a1a26831a30618524e1 .postImageUrl , .uadb926f3a7620a1a26831a30618524e1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uadb926f3a7620a1a26831a30618524e1 , .uadb926f3a7620a1a26831a30618524e1:hover , .uadb926f3a7620a1a26831a30618524e1:visited , .uadb926f3a7620a1a26831a30618524e1:active { border:0!important; } .uadb926f3a7620a1a26831a30618524e1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uadb926f3a7620a1a26831a30618524e1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uadb926f3a7620a1a26831a30618524e1:active , .uadb926f3a7620a1a26831a30618524e1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uadb926f3a7620a1a26831a30618524e1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uadb926f3a7620a1a26831a30618524e1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uadb926f3a7620a1a26831a30618524e1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uadb926f3a7620a1a26831a30618524e1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uadb926f3a7620a1a26831a30618524e1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uadb926f3a7620a1a26831a30618524e1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uadb926f3a7620a1a26831a30618524e1 .uadb926f3a7620a1a26831a30618524e1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uadb926f3a7620a1a26831a30618524e1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Modern Education: Changing for the Future Essay ThesisThe result could be catastrophic food shortages in that nation. Cloning may cause people to settle for the best existing animals, not allowing for improvement of the species. In this way, cloning could potentially interfere with natural evolution. Cloning is currently an expensive process. Cloning requires large amounts of money and biological expertise. Ian Wilmut and his associates required 277 tries before producing Dolly. A new cloning technique has recently been developed which is far more reliable. However, even this technique has 2-3% success rate.
Thursday, November 28, 2019
Ethics and the Internet Essay Example
Ethics and the Internet Paper The Internet and social networking are offering a number of new clinical and ethical challenges for those who provide face-to-face mental health services. These challenges include extra-therapeutic contacts between therapists and their clients, questions about what distinguishes personal and professional activities online, and a lack of clearly developed policies related to our online behaviors and interactions. No form of client communication is 100 percent guaranteed to be private. Conversations can be overheard, e-mails can be sent to the wrong recipients and phone conversation can be listened to by others. But in todays age of e-mail, Facebook, Twitter and other social media, psychologists have to be more aware than ever of the ethical pitfalls they can fall into by using these types of communication. Its easy not to be fully mindful about the possibility of disclosure with these communications because we use these technologies so often in our social lives,  says Stephen Behnke, PhD, JD, director of APAs Ethics Office. Its something that we havent gotten into the habit of thinking about.  The Monitor sat down with Behnke to discuss the ethical aspects of the Internet for psychology practitioners and how to think about them. Does the APA Ethics Code guide practitioners on social media? We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics and the Internet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics and the Internet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics and the Internet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Yes. The current Ethics Code was drafted between 1997 and 2002. While it doesnt use the terms social media, Google or Facebook, the code is very clear that it applies to all psychologists professional activities and to electronic communication, which of course social media is. As we look at the Ethics Code, the sections that are particularly relevant to social media are on privacy and confidentiality, multiple relationships and the section on therapy. The Ethics Code does not prohibit all social relationships, but it does call on psychologists to ask, How does this particular relationship fit with the treatment relationship?  Is the APA Ethics Office seeing any particular problems in the use of social media? Everyone is communicating with these new technologies, but our ethical obligation is to be thoughtful about how the Ethics Code applies to these communications and how the laws and regulations apply. For example, if you are communicating with your client via e-mail or text messaging, those communications might be considered part of your clients record. Also, you want to consider who else might have access to the communication, something the client him- or herself may not be fully mindful of. When you communicate with clients, the communication may be kept on a server so anyone with access to that server may have access to your communications. Confidentiality should be front and center in your thinking. Also, consider the form of communication you are using, given the kind of treatment you are providing. For example, there are two very different scenarios from a clinical perspective: In one scenario, youve been working with a client face-to-face and you know the clients clinical issues. Then the client goes away on vacation and you have one or two phone sessions, or a session or two on Skype. A very different scenario is that the psychologist treats a client online, a client he or she has never met or seen. In this case, the psychologist has to be very mindful of the kind of treatment he or she can provide. What sorts of issues are appropriate to treat in that manner? How do the relevant jurisdictions laws and regulations apply to the work you are doing? Thats an example of how the technology is out in front of us. We have this wonderful new technology that allows us to offer services to folks who may never have had access to a psychologist. At the same time, the ethical, legal and regulatory infrastructure to support the technology is not yet in place. A good deal of thought and care must go into how we use the technology, given how it may affect our clients and what it means for our professional lives. APA needs to be involved in developing that ethical, legal and regulatory infrastructure and needs to be front and center on this. What do you want members to know about using Facebook? People are generally aware that what they put on their Facebook pages may be publicly accessible. Even with privacy settings, there are ways that people can get access to your information. My recommendation is to educate yourself about privacy settings and how you can make your page as private as you want it to be [see further reading box on page 34]. Also, educate yourself about how the technology works and be mindful of the information you make available about yourself. Historically, psychology has talked a lot about the clinical implications of self-disclosure, but this is several orders of magnitude greater, because now anyone sitting in their home or library with access to a terminal can find out an enormous amount of information about you. Facebook is a wonderful way to social network, to be part of a community. And of course psychologists are going to use this, as is every segment of the population. But psychologists have special ethical issues they need to think through to determine how this technology is going to affect their work. These days, students are inviting professors to see their Facebook pages and professors are now privy to more information on their students lives than ever before. Whats your advice on this trend? Psychologists should be mindful that whether teaching, conducting research, providing a clinical service or acting in an administrative capacity, they are in a professional role. Each role comes with its own unique expectations, and these expectations have ethical aspects. I would encourage a psychologist whos considering whether to friend a student to think through how the request fits into the professional relationship, and to weigh the potential benefits and harms that could come from adding that dimension to the teaching relationship. Of course, the professor should also be informed about the schools policy concerning interacting with students on social networking sites. How about Googling clientsshould you do this? In certain circumstances, there may be a good reason to do a search of a client. There may be an issue of safety, for example. In certain kinds of assessments, it might be a matter of confirming information. But again, we always need to think about how this fits into the professional relationship, and what type of informed consent weve obtained. Curiosity about a client is not a clinically appropriate reason to do an Internet search. Lets put it this way: If you know that your client plays in a soccer league, it would be a little odd if on Saturday afternoon you drove by the game to see how your client is doing. In the same way, if youre doing a search, thinking, What can I find out about this person that raises questions about the psychologists motives? What about Twitter? Again, you first want to think about what are you disclosing and what is the potential impact the disclosure could have on the clinical work. Also, if you are receiving Tweets from a client, how does that fit in with the treatment? These questions are really interesting because they are pushing us to think clearly about the relationship between our professional and personal lives. We all have our own social communities and networks, but we also have to be aware about how we act and what we disclose in those domains, which are more accessible. Someone might say that this technology isnt raising new questions, its raising old questions in different ways. How about blogs? Be aware that when you author a blog, youre putting a lot of yourself into it. Thats why youre doing it. So again, you need to be mindful of the impact it will have on your clinical work. It also depends on what the blog is about. For example, if youre blogging about religion, politics or movies, in this day and age, some of your clients are going to read the material. If you are sharing your personal views on some important societal issue, be mindful of how that might affect the work you are doing. When is the next Ethics Code due out and will it more specifically address social media? The next revision hasnt been scheduled, but if I had to guess, probably in the next two to three years, APA will begin the process of drafting the next code. I can say with a very high degree of confidence that when APA does draft the next code, the drafters will be very mindful of many issues being raised by social media. Its important to think about ethics from a developmental perspective. As our field evolves, new issues emerge and develop. Not all the questions about social media have crystallized yet. We have to make sure that we have a pretty good sense of the right questions and the right issues before we start setting down the rules. Part of that process is exploring where the potential harms to our clients are. We are just defining the questions, issues, the risks of harm to the client and were going to have to let the process unfold. In the meantime, we have to be aware that these technologies are very powerful and far-reaching and bring with them wonderful benefits, but also potential harms. Stay tuned. As his patient lay unconscious in an emergency room from an overdose of sedatives, psychiatrist Damir Huremovic was faced with a moral dilemma: A friend of the patient had forwarded to Huremovic a suicidal e-mail from the patient that included a link to a Web site and blog he wrote. Should Huremovic go online and check it out, even without his patients consent? Huremovic decided yes; after all, the Web site was in the public domain and it might contain some potentially important information for treatment. When Huremovic clicked on the blog, he found quotations such as this: Death makes angels of us all and gives us wings. A final blog post read: I wish I didnt wake up. Yet as Huremovic continued scanning the patients personal photographs and writings, he began to feel uncomfortable, that perhaps hed crossed some line he shouldnt have. Across the country, therapists are facing similar situations and conflicted feelings. When Huremovic, director of psychosomatic medicine services at Nassau University Medical Center in New York, recounted his vignette last year at an American Psychiatric Association meeting and asked whether others would have read the suicidal mans blog, his audience responded with resounding calls of both yes! and no! One thing was clear: How and when a therapist should use the Internet and even whether he or she should are questions subject to vigorous debate. We are just beginning to understand what ethical issues the Internet is raising, says Stephen Behnke, ethics director for the American Psychological Association. To write rules that allow our field to grow and develop and yet prevent [patient] harm at the same time: Thats the challenge. In fact, the tremendous availability online of personal information threatens to alter what has been an almost sacred relationship between therapist and patient. Traditionally, therapists obtained information about a patient through face-to-face dialogue. If outside information was needed, the therapist would obtain the patients consent to speak with family members or a previous mental-health practitioner. At the same time, patients traditionally knew little about their therapists outside the consulting room. Now, with the click of a mouse, tech-savvy therapists and patients are challenging the old rules and raising serious questions about how much each should know about the other and where lines should be drawn. Among the questions under debate: Should a therapist review the Web site of a patient or conduct an online search without that patients consent? Is it appropriate for a therapist to put personal details about himself on a blog or Web-site or to join Facebook or other social networks? What are the risks of having patients and therapists interact online? Neither the American Psychiatric Association nor the American Psychological Association has rules specifically governing therapists online behavior, but ethics advisers with the psychiatric association maintain that online searches are not wrong as long as theyre done in the patients interest and not out of therapist curiosity. Many therapists contend its more important to discuss such questions than it is to dictate behavior. Its not whether a particular application is right or not, says Sheldon Benjamin, director of neuropsychiatry at the University of Massachusetts Medical School in Worcester. Its whether you do it mindfully whether you understand how it changes the doctor-patient relationship. To Google or Not to Google Benjamin, 53, swears by his iPhone and enthusiastically tells of sampling the Internet in its infancy. At the same time, Benjamin, who directs psychiatric training at UMass, advocates caution when it comes to mixing the Internet with therapy. He says he has never searched a patients name online and worries that doing so could dilute the therapeutic process by bringing in information from outside the patient-therapist discussion. When patients have asked Benjamin to read their blogs, he has agreed, with one caveat: that he do so during a regular counseling session. Even if you brought me a disability form, Id fill it out in the room with you, says Benjamin. I was taught to make the time with the patient the time when the work is done. Suena Massey takes a different approach. Massey, 35, an assistant professor of psychiatry at George Washington University Medical Center, considers Googling a patient a valuable professional tool. One of the duties of a psychiatrist is to corroborate what patients say, Massey explains. To that end, online searches can be helpful when traditional approaches obtaining the patients consent to contact his previous psychiatrist or family members are not available. One such case involved a patient who presented with symptoms of mania, a component of bipolar disorder. The man claimed to be well connected in Washington. After their meeting, Massey typed the patients name into a search engine. Up popped postings suggesting that the mans claims were accurate. In a subsequent session Massey told her patient she had Googled him, and he was okay with it. She ended up treating him for bipolar disorder; had his claims been false, she says, she would have considered his condition to be more severe. Massey says she will warn a patient about her possible use of Google searches if she thinks the patient might have a problem with it. You could almost make the argument that its negligent not to search online when there is public information available and it might help treat a patient, she says. If youre just looking things up out of personal interest, I think most doctors would feel uncomfortable with that. Public vs. Private But what happens when the circumstances are reversed? What happens when a patient seeks information about his therapist online or pursues a relationship with his therapist on Facebook, MySpace or via another social network? Most therapists are not alarmed by the idea of a Google search. I know my patients Google me, Massey says. I think its their right as consumers. Some providers anticipate such searches by maintaining Web sites detailing their professional qualifications. However, there can be problems when personal details are available. Take the case of a man who, after developing romantic and erotic feelings toward his therapist, typed her name into a search engine and found a Web site featuring personal photographs of the therapist, including a bathing-suit shot. The man quit treatment and reported the discovery to Behnkes office. He knew the image of his therapist in her bathing suit was going to be so present to him that he wouldnt be able to concentrate on his psychotherapy, Behnke explained in a telephone interview. There was material on the Internet that had an impact on this psychologists clinical work. Behnke cautions therapists to assume that most clients will conduct online searches, and he urges them to make sure they remain vigilant about what gets posted. Although most therapists say its inappropriate to have relationships with patients via social networks, there is little agreement on whether its okay for therapists to join such sites, and, if they do, just how private their information should remain. For Huremovic, 39, social network abstinence is safest. I have an understanding that if you choose to be a psychiatrist and a psychotherapist that you have to be very private in other parts of your social being, he says. But some therapists, especially younger ones for whom using the Internet is a way of life, dont share this view. For instance, psychologist Stephanie Smith, 35, has a Web site, and she has a presence on Twitter. Smith tweets to market her Colorado practice and to allow colleagues and other interested parties to monitor happenings in psychology. Typical posts provide tips for managing stress, announce a recent studys findings or refer followers to psychology blogs. Smith, who says Twitter has increased traffic to her professional Web site, admits to the rare tweet about her children or celebrity news. Its my style, but I know some people would not be comfortable with her disclosure of nonprofessional information, she says. Smith also has a Facebook account for her personal life. After teenage patients discovered that account and sent her friend requests, Smith enacted a policy forbidding past or current clients from engaging her online. She informs new clients of the policy and obligates them to comply. This is the type of problem that UMasss Benjamin wants to avoid. To me, its a much bigger issue than bumping into a patient in a restaurant, he says. Youre putting out there,Hey, these are my contacts. And someone then wants to enter your social circle. It puts you in a position where you must take a stand. Keely Kolmes, a California psychologist who writes and lectures on Internet ethics, recommends that therapists make clear distinctions between their professional and personal lives online. Younger clinicians get the Net but dont completely understand ethical and boundary issues that can come up, she says. A former computer consultant, Kolmes, who is in her early 40s, goes to great lengths to keep her lives separate. On her personal Facebook account, for instance, she does not use a photo of herself on her profile page and she doesnt make reference to her professional name. She also restricts her public tweets and blogs to news of a professional nature. Still, she recognizes that any online sighting of ones therapist changes the dynamic for a patient. A lot of patients really want to think about you as existing in just that one space [of the therapy room,] and suddenly theyre seeing you on Twitter and blogging, she says. They can see that youre online at night posting things. I realize my choice to do that suddenly shifts my relationship with them.
Sunday, November 24, 2019
Community and Social Structure essays
Community and Social Structure essays AssignmentIII The idea of people being social in nature can be clearly illustrated by the groups, or communities that one sees all around them. Groups of individuals share a common perspective of what reality consists of, this is known as culture(Charon, 1997). This reality is perceived through our interactions with others in the group and by what our position is within that group(Charon, 1997). The way in which we see the world is in a sense limited by both our position and our interactions. In order to actually fill your position in the group you need to have a working set of ideas and concepts to get the job done(Charon, 1997). This working set of ideas is actually formed by the interactions that you have with other people who have the same position as you. It works for everyone else, and therefore you can t just randomly choose another set of concepts and ideas andexpect them to work, so you choose the ideas, concepts, and means that your peers use(Charon, 1997). For instance, if you are a Chemist, you obtain knowledge and perspectives consistent of your environment, i.e. chemistry, you would not learn a great deal about molecular biology because those concepts and ideas are not useful to you. We don t have a complete picture of everything around usbecause we perceive only the things which fit into our social structure(Charon, 1997). Reality is not a Velcro Nerf dart toss of facts and ideas, but rather a magnetic selection of those facts and ideas which are conducive to our pre-constructed structure. To one man power and riches are the greatest thing to achieve, but to a bum The oiliest thing is to have a warm placeto sleep (Coleman,1982:207). It s unfortunate that these conceptscan be utilized by a dictator to gain control and power for his own ideas and concepts. Hitler was just such a man, he used a social construct known as patriotism, that is, sense of pride and connection with everyone within a society. ...
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Summarize the social ills detailed in A Modest Proposal, Songs of Assignment
Summarize the social ills detailed in A Modest Proposal, Songs of Innoncence and Experience,Wordsworth'sThe World is Too Much with Us,and Shelly's poem,On Englands in 1819 - Assignment Example In â€Å"Songs of Innocence and Experience†, a collection of poems by Blake, Blake highlights a number of social ills such as the children as laborers as depicted in â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper†, discrimination of races as depicted in the poem â€Å"The Little Black Boy†and poor as sufferers of humanity. According to Blake, the chimneysweepers are unhappy, as they are â€Å"Crying â€Å"weep‘! weep!†in notes of woe†while at work but their parents are happy as they go to church for thanking God . Wordsworth in â€Å"The World is Too Much with Us†explains about the materialistic advancement of humankind. Nature is seen as a commodity. The materialism of society will bring destruction to it and society will be unable to restrict this destruction as â€Å"the winds that will be howling at all hours†without human’s control. Wordsworth sees the material progress and destruction of nature as a socio ill. Shelley describes the state of England in 1819 in his poem, â€Å"England in 1819†. He highlights a number of social ills in his poem that were prevalent in 1819. According to him, the rulers of the state were unable to pay any heed to their people and their country as â€Å"Rulers who neither see nor feel nor know†. The people starved because of the poverty and the nation was not following religion as â€Å"Religion Christless, Godless – a book sealed†. According to Shelley, in 1819, there were a number of social ills faced by the society of England and the nation
Wednesday, November 20, 2019
Genogram Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Genogram - Essay Example I became overweight as a child and still as an adult. However, my weight never impaired my abilities to function as I have always had many friends. My aunts and uncles on my father’s side exhibit symptoms of poor diet and low activity. Perhaps learning this behavior was modeling others in my family. Yet I have always considered myself to be a happy individual. This pattern was not something I notice until I performed a geneogram. My sister and I both had our first child at a young age. I believe genetics placed an increase stress on both of our pregnancies. My mother, sister and I all carry the gene that is associated with the development of sickle cell. My mother currently suffers from this disease. Knowing that this disease is present in the primarily females in my family brought an increased stress on both mine and my sister’s pregnancies. My niece was later born suffering from sickle cell. My maternal grandparent’s first child died shortly after birth. However, the cause of death was never quite known in full. In further my stress levels were elevated during pregnancy as I had began my second year of college. During this time period I was told that my daughter suffered from Down syndrome. This was concluded through an ultrasound. Due to my religious background I decided that I would not participate in an amniocentesis test or terminate my pregnancy as this is what the doctor advised. A mira culous blessing occurred when I delivered my son via c-section to discover that he did not have down-syndrome, or any form of a disorder. Instead I had a healthy baby that was perhaps the greatest blessing in my life. Perhaps I am most thankful for the religious upbringing my family provided me. If it were not for these religious beliefs I may not have had the greatest blessing in my life, my son. Further examination of my geneogram demonstrates the strong genetic tendencies towards diabetes exhibited in my paternal genetic composition. The genetic tendencies
Monday, November 18, 2019
Fast Talking Dame Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Fast Talking Dame - Movie Review Example At present, the theory of Fast Talking Dames has been restricted to some of TV shows only, in which women use verbal means of communication more than action scenes. Now a days the role of women in films is on the concept that she can do anything that a man can do. As in Salt, Angellina Jolie performed as leading character of the movie, which went after a traitor who charged her of working as a Russian spy. Similarly, in Colambiana, Zoe Saldana, who after watching the assassination of her parents, grew up as cold assassin. In both of the movies quoted as example, the role played by female actresses is more masculine in nature. The concept of Fast Talking Dames has almost diminished in today’s cinema. It can only be seen in some of the TV shows or in the movies of 1930s, 40s era. Moreover, the audience too, like to see the female actresses in action scenes rather than spending time in dialogues and lighter comic
Friday, November 15, 2019
Perceptions of cultural distance
Perceptions of cultural distance An Evaluation of Close neighbours and distant friends-perceptions of cultural distance Introduction Due to managing across cultures happening in enterprises which operate in different countries and different regions, there must be a certain issue referred to as cultural distance. There is a paper on cultural distance (Chapman, et al., 2007) with a huge amount of research on how cultural distance influence the understanding amongst managers from Germany, the United Kingdom and Poland. The researchers divided the three nationalities into German/Polish, and UK/Polish as contrasts, and then they interviewed the members of the different nationalities separately to get empirical data. After the qualitative, interpretive analyzing, they combined the historical data and found that even though the Polish culture is remarkably different from the German and the British, Poland and the UK perceive themselves as close, whereas Poland perceives Germany as different (Chapman, et al., 2007). In this paper, I try to evaluate the research paper in three main parts; an examination of the theoretical framework, a discussion of research methods adopted, and an assessment of the wider implications (Sliwa, 2009). The researchers said in the end of paper that they hope their approach may help managers to manage across cultures. I think the efficient approach is to respect cultural differences and to try to narrow cultural distance. Theoretical Framework First of all, the researchers have analyzed Hofstedes works which are broadly cited in literature relating to international business and international management (Hofstede, 1991). They use cultural dimensions theory to divide the three countries, in order to compare and analyze them clearly and efficiently. However, they found that Hofstedes dimensions are simplications of the research. In my opinion, Hofstedes culture rankings of these three countries are too weak and inappropriate. The data collected by Hofstede trace back to thirty years ago, which is a little behind the times of today (Schneider and Barsoux, 2003). Even though his research involved more than 40 different countries, it was still restricted to one company (IBM), and the interviewees were almost managers, not normal employees. This made some people (especially in other multinational corporations) think that the research is not comprehensive and lacks from persuasion. After all, every large multinational company has its own corporate culture which would influence the results of managing in different cultures. Hofstedes research is a static research which does not refer to the analysis of cultural evaluation and influential aspects of cultural values. Secondly, the researchers adopt Shenkars (2001: 523-524) theory about four illusions of cultural distance to support the paper. Conventionally, people think that a German manager faces the same cultural distance with Polish colleagues in Germany as a Polish manager faces in Poland. This assumption caused by illusion of symmetry is not supported. We can also see that the differences of UK/Polish and differences of German/Polish are symmetrical, but more complex and subtle (Chapman, et al., 2007). The researchers mentioned the illusion of causality and cited that small cultural distances without anticipation could cause bigger problems than those large cultural distances with a forewarning. I agree that the mention and citation do not serve each other right. The illusion of causality is mainly about interpreting other non-cultural factors which influence the FDI pattern, sequence, and performance (Shankar, 2001: 524). Chapman et al (2007) creates a concept called the illusion of neutra lity. I think this is a brilliant idea. It is true that when the two countries (e.g. Germany and Poland) get evolved in political dispute or warfare, they can hardly treat each other neutrally. As a result, some small cultural differences matter. For other countries (e.g. the UK and Poland), who have no conflict of interests, they can ignore or tolerate the large cultural differences. But in relation to the illusion of stability, we can find that the cultural distance could not be constant. In other words, the neutral perceptions of cultural distance between the UK and Poland will change over time, as well as the intense perspectives of cultural distance between Germany and Poland. Last but not least, the researchers mainly focus on studying perception, and that is ethnographic in character (Chapman, et al., 2007). For that reason, the concept of psychic distance should be distinguished form cultural distance. When the managers from Germany, the UK, and Poland deal with each other, they always consciously or unconsciously believe in and depend on their own conceptions. The reasons are that they were taught what is right or wrong, what is responsible or responsible, what is altruistic or materialistic, etc. On this point, the indivisible relationship of our own culture makes us born with an ethnocentric tendency which results in psychic distance. Research approach The researchers used a qualitative, interpretive research strategy and focused on analyzing the managerial perceptions (Chapman, et al., 2007). In order to discover the opinions of German, British and Polish managers who participated in international business activities, the researchers adopted in-depth interviews to collect data. There were 63 face-to-face interviews, and the respondents were general managers from 12 companies in Germany, the UK and Poland. I think usage of the qualitative methodological approach to study this cultural distance topic is an appropriate way because it is more flexible. The open-ended questions gave these managers more opportunities to say in their own words their genuine feelings about working with their foreign colleagues. The researchers do not need to anticipate the answers, in that way, they have a chance to use probe (Family Health International, 2009) to encourage the respondents to elaborate on their answers. The transparency (Bryman and Bell, 2007: 424) of this qualitative research is satisfying. For instance, it tells us how the people were chosen for interviews, as well as the specific process of qualitative data analysis. To some extent, the problems of generalization limit the research. The two contrasts, three countries, twelve companies, 63 face-to-face interviews and unknown age, gender, religion belief, etc. are a bit restricted to represent other settings. Moreover, they employed a snowballing technique (Marschan, 1996), which might neglect some executives who are low-profile. As the authors said in the paper, they use Microsoft Word to deal with the long transcripts to organize themes. Sometimes they would inevitably add a few personal conceptions when they organize data. This would cause the research to become too subjective. Researchers Findings and Conclusions What the researchers have found mainly reveals that the cultural distance among Germany, the UK, and Poland is different on the individual managerial experience level. The relationship between Germany and Poland is close but tense, and the UK and Poland have a relative distant but easy relationship. Therefore, Chapman, et al. (2007) concludes that cultural distance is both created and interpreted by the perceivers, and the creation and interpretation are influenced by experience and history. I think the empirical evidence written in the paper does not reflect the tight relationship between German managers and Polish managers. The authors considered the influences of the war too much, and subjectively judge that the relationship between Germans and Polish is tense. Besides, the German managers are much more familiar with Polish managers, compared to the British and the Polish. It is interesting that the perceptions of German and British to Polish are quite similar in the fig.1 and fig . 3 (Chapman, et al., 2007). Their conclusion is a different angle to interpreting the cultural distance. I argue that the interviewee sample the researchers chose cannot be generalized to the other settings (Bryman and Bell, 2007: 423). The historical issues could have some impact on the interactions of individuals, but it should be added that historical problems have less influence on the younger generation. With the process of cultural globalisaion and integration of different cultures, cultural distance is reduced remarkably. Implications for individuals involved in cross-cultural management: As the researchers said in the article, they hoped international business managers because of certain historical circumstances could understand the unfriendliness of others, but not be hurt by it. It is true that the experiences of countries might influence ones attitude when he or she works with foreign colleagues. Therefore, when a person starts to deal with international business, it is important to understand cultural distance and the influence on behaviors caused by it. The influences will be prominent on the level of individual managerial practice. People always come across various kinds of problems at the time they work in different cultural contexts. It is because people have different world views and modes of thinking because different culture backgrounds. Due to the diversiform modes of thinking, peoples views of the problems are from different angles, the styles and methods of solutions are disparate, inevitably, the setbacks, conflicts, and projects failure are coming aft er each insists his own views (Holliday, Hyde, and Kullman, 2004). To avoid the unnecessary conflicts and misunderstandings, the international managers have to identify and appreciate the other members values and faith, and realize that cultural differences have influence on enterprises interior mechanism. Reference Chapman, M., Mattos, H.G., Clegg, J. and Buckley, P.J. (2007). Close neighbours and distant friends-perceptions of cultural distance. International Business Review, 17(2008), 217-237. Bryman, A. Bell, E. (2007). Business Research Methods 2nd Ed, New York: Oxford University Press. Family Health International. (2009). Qualitative Research Methods Overview. [Online] Available at: http://www.fhi.org/NR/rdonlyres/etl7vogszehu5s4stpzb3tyqlpp7rojv4waq37elpbyei3tgmc4ty6dunbccfzxtaj2rvbaubzmz4f/overview1.pdf [Accessed 13 Nov. 2009]. Sliwa, M. (2009). Managing Across Cultures. [Handout] September 2009 ed. Newcastle: Newcastle University. Hofestede, G. (1991). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. London: McGrw-Hill. Schneider, S.C. and Barsoux, J. (2003). Managing Across Cultures. 2nd ed. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Shenkar, O. (2001). Cultural distance revisited: Towards a more rigorous conceptualization and measurement of cultural differences. Journal of International Business Studies, 32(3), 519-535 third quarter. Marschan, R. (1996). New structural forms and inter-unit communication in multinationals. The case of Kone elevators. Ph.D. Thesis. Helsinki: Helsinki School of Economics and Business Administration. Holliday, A., Hyde, M. and Kullman, J. (2004). Intercultural communication: An Advanced Resource Book. London: Routledge press.
Wednesday, November 13, 2019
Human Resource Managementa Case Study Essay -- Personnel Management
Human Resource Managementa Case Study Management of Human Resources-Assignment Introduction: In order to critically assess and recommend alternatives, I would like firstly to give a brief description of the business crisis the company was facing and the subsequent need for change in the company’s overall business strategy. I would then like to focus on the key aspects of the firm’s human resources strategy and the changes that were made in order to supplement the overall changes in the business strategy. Business Crisis: International Computers Limited (ICL) was born in 1968 out of the merger between English Electric Computers (EEC) and International Computers and Tabulators. With  £40 million of government support it developed over a period of 6 years, an independent series of computers that was incompatible with IBM computers. IBM had garnered a 50% share of the UK computer market and the government felt the only way to stem this growth was through the integration of British high tech firms. With the government as one of its major customers and through several strategic acquisitions and product diversifications during the 1970’s, the company managed to achieve growth rates of around 20%. But this growth did not continue for long as the recession struck in 1979 and growth rates spiralled. By late 1980 the company was facing a  £100 million shortfall in orders, in spite of having taken some major redundancy procedures. The firm was on the verge of bankruptcy when the government agreed to a ct as a guarantor for a  £270 million bank overdraft. The government subsequently exercised its power of guarantee by installing a new chairman and two new directors, one of who was Robb Wilmott, the new MD. Wilmott was a perceptive man who realised that the only way ICL was going to survive was by planning for the long-term and this was to be achieved by formulating a new product strategy and a complete change in the way it did business. Sparrow P 1995 International Computers Limited (ICL) In: Hiltrop J, Sparrow P (eds.) European Casebook on Human Resource and Change Management Prentice Hall, pp 110-122 Downsizing: The rapidly changing global environment with regard to competition and technological advances in the industry and ICL’s subsequent decision to shift from hardware to total systems differentiation, led the MD to pursue a new strategy based ... ...and Lorenz. 1994a) discusses the main problems associated with the implementation of this structure, including the possibility of role conflict, power struggles with regard to establishment of authority, inappropriate decision making techniques and difficulty in establishing accountability. Though it may be argued that every form of organisational structure has both strong and weak points, maybe a structure that is applicable to the environmental context, as well as having fewer disadvantages attached to could be applied. My personal view would be implementation of a structure based on product grouping, which in essence is similar to the matrix, but appears to posses fewer disadvantages. Reference:  · Sparrow P 1995 International Computers Limited (ICL) In: Hiltrop J, Sparrow P (eds.) European Casebook on Human Resource and Change Management Prentice Hall, pp 110-122 Bibliography: 1. Armstrong M 1999 A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice 7th edn. Kogan Page, London 2. McKenna E 2000 Business Psychology And Organisational Behaviour 3rd edn. Psychology Press 3. Handy C 1995 Gods Of Management 4th edn. Arrow Books Ltd
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